Theology Analysis of Friedrich Schleiermachers Speeches

Introduction Friedrich Schleiermachers On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers led to his description of the Father of Modern Theology. The first two speeches, Defence and The Nature of Religion both use established concepts to oppose orthodoxy and establish a new method of theological thought that influences theology to modern times. Paul Tillich and Karl Rahner are also influential, both supporting the vital and intimate relationship between the divine and the human. Furthermore, this essential interrelationship and theologys focus on it are supported by various Christian philosophical/theological thinkers, including Langdon Gilkey, Martin Luther, John Calvin and Blaise Pascal. Body: Q1. Friedrich Schleiermacher has often been called the father of Modern Theology. On the basis of the first two speeches of On Religion: Speeches to its cultured despisers, is that title rightly accorded him or not? Why? The first two speeches of On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers distinguish Schleiermacher as the father of Protestant Liberal Theology, at the very least (Schleiermacher 1996, xiv, xi). The First Speech is Defence (Schleiermacher 1996, 1-25) and the Second Speech is The Nature of Religion (Schleiermacher 1996, 26-118). Reacting to the orthodoxy, enlightened rationality and detachment, and neoclassical ideals of his time (Schleiermacher 1996, xiv, xvi), Schleiermacher used some established concepts to articulate a newer, liberal approach

Does Sexual Abuse in Adolescents Lead to Homosexuality...

This study is about whether there is a correlation between physical and sexual abuse in adolescents becoming homosexual. Throughout past research there has been no direct correlation in stating is does cause adolescents to become homosexual. The event of someone changing their sexual identity is when they gone through some traumatic situation in their life. The tests we ran for this study are The Life Experience Questionnaire, The Lesbian Internalized Homophobic Scale, and The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. This study is done to prove there is a correlation between physical and sexual abuse equaling homosexuality. Introduction Homosexuality is increasing in number in today’s society due to a number of situations that†¦show more content†¦When looking through research a study located looked at the issue of trauma causing homosexuality. In the study, we will be looking at key terms to set the boundaries of were exactly this study is going to look at physical abuse, sexual abuse, and homosexuality. In clarifying, what the words mean the following are the definitions for physical abuse, sexual abuse, and homosexuality. The definition of physical abuse believe to fit the study well is, â€Å"Defined as the minor’s experience of an assaults by an adult caretaker that poses a risk of injury or bodily harm such as being hit with an object such as belt or being hit so hard that the blow created a bruises† (Tami P. Sullivan). An example of this would be having someone who is above the age of 18, a legal adult, hitting someone who is under the age of 18, a minor, to the poi nt of it causing physical harm. This can manifest itself in many different ways and it can happen to any age, but for this study, it is looking at adolescents. Sexual abuse- there is no exact clear definition of what sexual abuse is, but it includes a wide range of sexual activities, such as fondling to non-consensual sex or rape. â€Å"The term CSA is often interchangeably with molestations, sexual assault, and rape, making it difficult to draw conclusion about risk factors, prevalence rates, or clinical consequences. No clear definition exists because it is in a wide range of sexual activities from fondling to non-consensual sexShow MoreRelatedSexual Relationship Between Childhood Sexual Abuse And Sexual Relationships1217 Words   |  5 Pagesof homosexuality. Richard Garson is a training and supervising analyst who wrote a January 30, 2011 article called, Talking about Sexuality on Abused Boys and who They Become. Richard Garson did an investigation on the question of whether mentally and sexually abused childhoods increase the likelihood of same sex relationships. This investigation concluded, â€Å"Findings from this investigation p rovide tentative support for a sexual relationship between childhood sexual abuse and same sex sexual relationshipsRead MoreAcceptance of Homosexuality Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesAcceptance of Homosexuality Introduction Homosexuality, unlike many other psychological issues, is not associated with starting at birth. For the most part, it is an issue dealt with mostly by adolescence and adults. That is not to say that it does not become an issue sooner, it is just to say that it most commonly occurs later in life. Homosexuals have been the subjects of many studies to discover their multifaceted lives. These studies focus on steps and problems that homosexuals undergoRead MoreStages of Homosexuality in Adolescence3305 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Gay, Lesbian and Bi-Sexual Adolescence Lesbian, Gay and Bi-sexual individuals, often times referred to, as LGB individuals, are those in society who can be defined and characterized by their sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is a term that can be complex and diverse. Sexual orientation is a variable that has varied throughout history and depends on different factors that are personal to the individual themselves. Although the term sexual orientation is a difficult term to define, for theRead MoreThe Issue Of Adolescent Homosexuality2435 Words   |  10 Pagesa teen is willing to openly reveal their sexual identity and because society has become so absent- minded to the mannerisms commonly used to describe homosexuals such as queer, fag, and dyke and the offensive nature of these words/phrases, this project will help assist with opening the minds of my peers to help eliminate biases, stereotypes, and prejudices associated with being gay. There are several reasons why adolescent homosexuality needs to be addressed not only in schoolsRead MoreSexual Sexuality And Its Effects On Society1443 Words   |  6 Pagesrapid commencement of paired sexual practices during the latter years or adolescence. Sex is much more than it used to be. Sexual desire is now considered central to human identity, and sexual self-expression is seen by many to be essential for heathy personhood. The media, public schools and medical professional often teach that healthy adults, or even adolescents, should explore their desires and express them. At the same time, sex is much less than it used to be. Sexual acts are often consideredRead MoreReasons for Adolescent Suicide Attempts1173 Words   |  5 Pagestext reports situations when an adolescent is at risk of suicide. Some of these situations are parts of depression, social pressure, drug abuse, and family difficulties. All of these factors make an adolescent feel overwhelmed and co nfused. There are many events that an adolescent goes through before taking their lives. Finding rates of suicide vary in males and females because the males use more fatal methods than females. What are the feelings that make adolescents take their own life? All the informationRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature Versus Nurture2099 Words   |  9 PagesHOMOSEXUALITY: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE Nature; all things belong to Mother Nature; the trees, the flowers, insects, the great waters, animals, and even the human race; all following the laws of nature that we are instinctively born with. However somewhere along the line something or someone defies those laws and go against what nature intended. Whether or not this rebellion is fostered by nurture, or if there is an exception to the laws that Mother Nature has set forth is a question that psychologistRead MoreA Counselor s Level Of Competence1373 Words   |  6 PagesThere is much to learn from all ancestral cultures including the new coin phrase sexual minorities . Mental heath professional is consistently evolving and practitioners must adapt to the changes within practice and ACA ethical guidelines. This paper explores a counselor s level of competence, etiology findings for homosexuality, controversies with treatment practice by professional and paraprofessional therapy, and new frontier approach with client-centere d approach. Since the multicultural movementRead MoreHomosexuality5409 Words   |  22 Pages TERM PAPER HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA STUDENT’S NAME MDODI F MDODI REG: T/DEG/MWUCE/2012/ 0578 Section one HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA 1.0 Introduction Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual activity between members of the same sex or gender. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to an enduring pattern ofRead MoreThe Morality of Homosexuality4311 Words   |  18 PagesTHE MORALITY OF HOMOSEXUALITY Table of content i. Introduction - - - - - - - - - 2 ii. Etymology of homosexuality - - - - - - - 2 iii. Historical Origin - - - - - - - - 3 iv. Types/Stages of Homosexuality - - - - - - 5 v. Factors Responsible for Homosexual Act - - - - - 6 a) Homosexuality as a Lifestyle - - - - - - - b) Homosexuality as an Illness - - - - - - - vi. The morality of Homosexuality - - - - - 10 vii. Arguments Against Homosexuality - - - - - - 10 viii

Classism in Criminal Justice free essay sample

Justice is a word that many of us hear every single day and accept although a lot of us possess skepticism in regards to what it really means. Generally speaking, justice is the concept of righteousness and equality. When it comes to society’s thoughts about how â€Å"just† the criminal justice system is, we usually include the â€Å"ism’s†: sexism, classism, and racism, to illustrate a number of the stumbling blocks that this program possesses (Brewer Heitzeg, 2008). Although it is evident that most of these societal distinctions play a significant role within the criminal justice process, my goal is to give attention to classism. Classism would be the discrimination towards a group or individual based upon social and economic standing (Webster, 2008). Classism is certainly one of those â€Å"ism’s† that occurs a lot more than all of us realize and quite often, we might mistake it with things like racism or sexism. Classism, from my opinion, takes on a greater role within the criminal justice system rather than the other types of discriminatory practices. Specifically, class mainly comes into play throughout the sentencing process. Numerous authors believe elements beyond class play a far more crucial part, however I think that there must be far more focus paid to the role that class plays within the targeting and the sentencing procedure within the criminal justice system. So that you can be aware of the part that class plays within the sentencing process, we have to, first, consider the role that it plays prior to when the criminal gets to the day of sentencing. There is a variety of periodicals that speak on profiling and actuarial techniques which get individuals into the system. Although these are generally two huge proponents of the discriminatory acts which exist within the bounds of the criminal justice system, it does not start with these institutionalized techniques (Brewer Heitzeg, 2008). The initial examples regarding discrimination, leading to all of the other types inside the system, are often the laws and crime management policies which are integrated that, in most cases, are placed in favor of the wealthy and in opposition to the poor (Brewer Heitzeg, 2008). In Marxist criminology, one of many essential concepts would be that the â€Å"ruling class† places every one of the other classes at a disadvantage. This is often accomplished by means of labeling specific acts as deviant and, in laymen’s term, these types of deviant acts come to be referred to as â€Å"crimes† (Barak, G. P. 2007). Clearly, the individuals that happen to be labeling these kinds of alleged deviant acts are not likely to mandate them in opposition of their pursuits, so they are created in a manner that provides the individuals with high class as well as power certain flexibility, whereas the individuals whose interests are not taken into consideration are placed at an unjust disadvantage. Authors of Class, Race Gender Crime, Barak, Leighton and Flavin stated â€Å"The rich and powerful use their influence to keep acts from becoming crimes, even though these acts may be more socially injurious than those labeled criminal† (Barak, Leighton and Flavin 2007, 124). These types of deviant acts are generally managed by laws and regulations that happen to be integrated to enhance the interest of the state, which happens to be run by way of the upper-class. Again and again we come across instances of this particular disadvantage in play. This is often displayed by means of favoritism displayed towards individuals of the upper class by giving them a slap on the wrist for criminal offenses that would be regarded as significant whenever committed by way of a person in the lower class. One more type of this favoritism might be profiling the lower class for particular criminal offenses that the elite might be carrying out for the reason that in the event the lower class commits these types of crimes, they are simply â€Å"more threatening†. Barak, Leighton and Flavin provide a variety of demonstrations of the approach that laws and regulations are just enforced onto specific groups. One display which they presented was the insufficient focus paid to white collar criminal offenses in an attempt to crack down on street crime. The authors explained â€Å"†¦ the Reagan, Bush I, Clinton, and Bush II administrations have all regularly worked to get authorities ‘off the backs’ of businesses while they cranked up their war on the crimes of the poor. For instance, while President Reagan’s ‘tough on crime’ laws broadened the employment of mandatory and minimum sentences together with federal use of the death penalty, his administration eradicated numerous federal regulators as well as inspectors who served as law enforcement officials within the corporate and business community† (Barak, Leighton, Flavin 2007, 183). This is the ideal portrayal involving what Bernard Harcourt calls the â€Å"ratchet effect†. The ratchet effect would be the effect that focusing on a particular populace to lessen criminal offenses has on crime itself (Harcourt, B. , 2007). Each time a class is aimed for; their tendency to commit crime falls off, while the crime rate within the non-targeted class increases (Harcourt, B. , 2007). While this carries on, consideration is not really given to the group with the larger crime rate since the authorities tend to be too dedicated to getting the crime rate down within the specific group. When it comes to white collar crime, it is far from farfetched to think that, along with the previously mentioned statement, the elite simply just â€Å"chose† not to concentrate on the criminal activity within the upper class provided that they are taking advantage of the criminal activity among the lower class. Under Marxist criminology, in response to the oppression and drawbacks unfairly bequeathed upon them, the lower-class participates in what Marxists name â€Å"working class crime† (Macionis 2005, Pg. 38). This sort of crime is the result of a feeling of anomie, which is actually a perception or normlessness within society (Macionis 2005, Pg. 38). This anomie brings about Merton’s Strain Theory which is deviance which is divided into several various types: Innovation, Conformity, Ritualism, Rebellion and Retreatism (Macionis 2005, Pg. 38). Despite the fact that individuals voluntarily take part in these types of crimes, it is because of the cons that they have put on all of them as a result of classism. Combined with the predisposition to commit crime and the ratchet effect, â€Å"The greater public attention to street crime means that it is the poor who are most likely to be arrested, go to trial, and face a prison sentence.† (Macionis 2005, Pg. 38). Several writers take issue with the theory that classism leads to crime. As an example, author of The Dangerous Class, Eric H. Monkkonen found that even though the majority of crime which is accounted for is committed by lower-class residents, crime and poverty are not directly related. In his research of crime and poverty in Columbus, Ohio from 1860-1865, he identified that rural-dwelling crooks possessed a greater socioeconomic reputation in addition to a greater predisposition to commit crime (Monkkonen, Eric H.  1975). Alternatively, urban-dwelling crooks committed significantly less crime. Although this research is now over a century old, we realize that classism has been around since the start of man and what I came across especially fascinating concerning this book was the simple fact that the research had been carried out in the period that Karl Marx was still living (Monkkonen, Eric H. 1975). One of the significant reasons that class is frequently ignored within the role it plays in the criminal justice system is due to the various othervariables for example ethnic background and gender (Holley, 2006). In my opinion, although these might be the greatest aspect in some instances, in many instances it is not. There are numerous publications on studies of discrimination on the part of law enforcement and in many instances this is due to ethnic background (Holley, 2006). In David Cole’s No Equal Justice, you will find accounts from past law enforcement officers which confessed that an eleme nt of their training for specific tasks at work ended up being based on profiling blacks as well as Mexicans (Cole, 1999). This was influenced by the reality that the information gathered from stops which resulted in arrests, mainly blacks and Mexicans suit the description associated with bad guys. Nevertheless, handfuls of this racial profiling resulted in things such as law suits and cases getting trashed because of the reasons for stopping the individual were not determined by probable cause, but on genuine profiling (Cole, 1999). This particular concept of racial profiling ties into my thesis in the sense that it overlooks the function that class takes on for the circumstance. When we take a genuine look at society, the majority of the blacks and Mexicans which commit the crimes that can lead to the statistics are not only minorities, but they are at the same time individuals of a lower socioeconomic position. These figures collected on these lower class residents are the groundwork of actuarial methods. These actuarial methods, consequently, result in profiling. The police might not be racially profiling, though some may, but they are profiling and targeting by means of class. For instance, if anyone drives around a community gradually in a pummeled vehicle that, nine times out of ten, has a problem with it which is against the law, maybe a busted taillight, that individual will likely be stopped regardless of their particular ethnic background. Although this point might be a little bit on the slippery side, if, from your expertise, you might have come to recognize that young adults who recently obtained their own drivers license are apt to have a habit for careless driving, you are going to make use of that information as soon as your seventeen year old cousin asks to use your vehicle for the weekend. This functions the same way as profiling from police. If information and experience demonstrates that lower class citizens commit the greater part of the crimes, they take that into account (Cole, 1999). On the opposite side of my â€Å"reasonable profiling† debate, stands Bernard E. Harcourt and his Against Prediction: Punishing and Policing In An Actuarial Age piece (Harcourt, 2007). Harcourt comprehends the reason why law enforcement officials profile. He is familiar with the idea that law enforcement officials rely on data information to help them get the job done, however he believes that this information is utilized in an excessive amount (Harcourt, 2007). Within the article, he talks about the ratchet effect, as previously mentioned (Harcourt, 2007). Whenever law enforcement make use of this information to target men and women associated with a particular group, it places the specific group within the limelight while the remaining portion of the groups are able to carry out whatever they desire in the dark provided that they do not get ensnared, which in turn seldom occurs. Within Harcourt’s article he mentions the actuarial methods resulting in racial profiling, yet he overlooks a large element (Harcourt, 2007). Whenever a group is focused on, that group is usually not focused on as a result of race, but more specifically the neighborhood. To illustrate, if there happen to be accounts of break-ins within a racially diversified lower-class community and then the law enforcement officials make a decision to place their focus on that problem, regardless of what individual it is, should they suit the description they are going to end up being questioned. Not only are they likely to stop blacks when they do not have a precise description of the assailants because they will stop any individual that may match the description. Harcourt, I believe, was examining an element of the sum when he really should have been examining the sum of the elements, which happens to be class. In accordance with Erica Hashimoto, author of Class Matters, we do not have sufficient information which spearheads the matter of class specifically (Hashimoto, E. 2011). As outlined by Hashimoto, â€Å"†¦Policymakers either have ignored issues related to economic class, instead focusing on issues like drug addiction and mental illness as to which there are more data, or have developed fragmented policies that touch on economic status issues only tangentially† (Hashimoto 2011,Pg. 31). Actuarial strategies, as Harcourt explains, are in desire for radical enhancement in order to take notice of the sociological aspect of class that has on policing (Harcourt, 2007). The continued use of these techniques, if carried on, are likely to frequently keep lower-class residents twisted up in the criminal justice process. After actuarial methods have been applied, the lower-class resident has been booked and processed and when the judicial procedure has started, it, then, brings us to sentencing (Collica Furst, 2012). As if class failed to play a big enough part in getting the person into the system to begin with, it has a much bigger part with regards to sentencing. Sentencing would be the most significant section of the judicial process for the offender due to the fact their fate is up to the discretion of a judge who possesses a greater social as well as economic reputation (Collica Furst, 2012). The key reason why that this is probably not in the defendant’s favor is a result of the truth that the majority of people that the judge encounters are from the exact same group as the offender, and since the legal courts in the present day tend to be more streamlined, the judge is not going to want to glance at the particular details of the situation, particularly when the accused does not have legal counsel. To begin with, there will be points made concerning the brazenly unjust comparisons involving street crime sentences and white collar crime sentences. Returning to Marxist criminology, being that the elite create, control and facilitate the criminal justice system, this does not come to people as a shock that sentencing usually plays in the benefit of the men and women, or businesses, belonging to the upper class. The cliche illustration of classism within the criminal justice system is the subject of powder as opposed to crack cocaine and the mandatory minimums that accompany it (Collica Furst, 2012). The mandatory minimum with regard to powdered cocaine is actually five years for five hundred grams, whereas for crack cocaine it happens to be five years for five grams (Collica Furst, 2012). Cocaine in the powdered variety is pricier as compared to crack cocaine, therefore usually only individuals with heavy wallets are able to afford the habit (Collica Furst, 2012) . The mandatory minimum laws and regulations pertaining to cocaine possession appears to be, in my and plenty of others’ viewpoint, mandated to be able to incarcerate far more lower class citizens, where upper class citizens possess a significantly greater possibility of getting â€Å"off the hook† because of their capability to pay for treatment, which will keep these individuals away from prison. Creators of Class, Race, Gender and Crime, Barak, Leighton and Flavin, elaborate on this problem in fantastic depth. Not only does the criminal justice supply exorbitant advantages to the upper class, the system in addition allows these individuals get away with homicide, literally. Barak, Leighton and Flavin states: If the point of the criminal law is to safeguard people’s health and well-being, then why is there no crime committed in the 2005 fatalities involving a dozen miners in West Virginia? During the two years prior to the explosion, the mine had been cited 273 times for safety infractions, a third of which had been categorized as â€Å"significant and substantial† and 16 infractions logged during the past eight months were detailed as ‘unwarrantable failures,’†¦ This situation appears to fit within the criminal law categories of knowing, careless or negligent, but the majority of issues such as this remain within the realm of administrative sanctions and civil law (Barak, Leighton, and Flavin 2007, Pg.  125). You will find a large number of accidents and fatalities that take place annually as a result of carelessness and willful safety infractions; however they for some reason get swept underneath the rug. Meanwhile, in lower socioeconomic America, the state is applying a diehard effort to be able to crack down on street crimes by means of things such as increasing mandatory minimums, three-strike laws and regulations and far harsher sentenc ing (Barak, Leighton, and Flavin 2007). This system distorts our understanding regarding crime in the United States which in turn causes residents to think that the only criminal offenses which are really worth being concerned about are the ones that we come across and read about every single day, when in actuality, there is a great deal more taking place behind our backs which is resulting in greater damage than an armed robbery. This system is purporting the idea that Mass Murder is ok†¦ if you are rich. C. Wright Mills suggests in The Power Elite, These spheres of power are highly interrelated, with individuals of each and every group originating from comparable upper-class social backdrops, attending a similar private and Ivy League universities and colleges, quite possibly belonging to the very same social or political organizations (Mills 1956). In combination with their common â€Å"ruling class interest,† corporate and business elites additionally make significant political contributions to both Republicans and Democrats to guarantee their entry to the law-making procedure (Mills 1956). This statement supports the point that the upper class possesses â€Å"draw† on the subject of becoming charged with criminal actions, as opposed to lower class individuals who just need to relax and accept what is coming to all of them. In the book The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, Jeffrey Reiman discusses the point that the criminal justice system does not safeguard people from harm done by the powerful for the reason that theoretically they are usually not criminal offenses by conventional characterization (Reiman, 2004). This facilitates the view that crime is socially designed by way of the elite in a manner that they could get away with the harms these people commit while the lower class have to deal with the outcomes with regard to â€Å"crimes† that they commit, despite the fact that these people cause a lot less societal wreckage (Reiman, 2004). We get charged for the criminal activity that elite commit. Furthermore, crimes which are perpetrated by the upper class is far more extensive and leads to considerably more wreckage as compared to street crime due to the fact one crime perpetrated by a insider of the elite could possibly impact countless numbers. Reiman makes use of the concept of a â€Å"Carnival Mirror† to explain how criminal legislation brands particular acts as incredibly harmful and that we have to produce laws and regulations to shield ourselves against them (Reiman, 2004, Pg. 57). This, obviously, is the case with street crime exclusively. We do not possess this concept with regards to crimes perpetrated by way of the elite for the reason that the greater part of these criminal acts get swept under the rug, therefore never bringing in any kind of awareness and, consequently, individuals do not desire to further improve the laws and regulations against the elite. Reiman discusses the way in which the majority of upper class crooks never get to the sentencing procedure considering that the law enforcement officials basically let them go (Reiman, 2004). He says, â€Å"The simple fact is that for the same offense, a poor person is more likely to be arrested and, if arrested charged, than a middle or upper class person. † (Reiman, 2004, Pg. 110. ) This may lead to, as stated previously, targeting of the lower class. Reiman also highlights that a lower class citizen is more likely to be charged as compared to an upper class citizen for a similar crime (Reiman, 2004). It is typical these days to hear about a well-known personality getting tossed in jail and being out in just several hours, for example the situation with Lindsay Lohan. After breaking her probation for a driving under the influence and felony possession of cocaine, the judge sentenced her to carry out 1 month in jail. She was released inside six hours. At this point, if this would have been a lower class resident with no cash and status, they would have served their 1 month without a shadow of a doubt, and that is should they have been fortunate to get a judge that might be lax enough to supply them 1 month. There are many unjust drawbacks that happen to be pushed on the people of the lower class which come with their absence of political power. People of the lower class routinely have to be represented by a public or court designated legal professional that is overworked and does not possess the time and energy to concentrate on their case (Collica Furst, 2012). In many instances, the court designated legal professional may not have the ability to identify their own client at the following court date through the judicial period (Collica Furst, 2012). With regards to the judicial process for white collar criminals, they already have funds to get themselves through the procedure in the way by which they desire. They also have possibilities to place a couple of phone calls and â€Å"pull a few strings† to get the judge on their side (Collica Furst, 2012). Furthermore, they possess their very own legal representatives that happen to be committed to making certain their own client will get as little consequence as you possibly can, which often happens to be a fine (Collica Furst, 2012). These kinds of fines normally do not diminish their wallet, simply because they already possessed that cash set to the side within a â€Å"in the event† account before the case (Collica Furst, 2012). Some other benefits that the upper class possesses over lower class crooks would be the facts there presently exists zero three strike laws and regulations or even death penalty with regard to white collar crooks (Collica Furst, 2012). Judges are generally far more lax with upper class criminals in the sense that their penalties generally consist of suspension or simply fines. In addition, white collar criminals are more inclined to wind up on probation or required to perform community service and with the fines that they must fork out, the total is usually lower than the actual damage induced (Collica Furst, 2012) . When it comes to sentencing variations among lower class criminals and upper class criminals, you will find two very different quotes. With regard to lower class criminals, it is â€Å"You do the crime, you do the time†, however for upper class criminals, it’s a lot more like â€Å"You do the crime, you pay the fine. However, there are several situations where the criminal justice system makes a good example out of individuals and â€Å"hits them with the book†. I thought this was the situation with Bernard â€Å"Bernie† Madoff. After managing a Ponzi scheme, Bernie confessed to 11 federal felony violations associated with fraudulence, perjury and also other white collar violations (Clark McGrath, 2008). He was sentenced to a maximum of one hundred and fifty years (Clark McGrath, 2008). Despite the fact that many men and women might have seen this as a triumph for the criminal justice system in the combat with white collar crime, we have to understand that he is one of the numerous upper class individuals which may be triggering grand scale societal wreckage. In an effort to avoid more Bernie Madoffs from benefiting from our system by means of their status, we need to understand the importance that class has within the criminal justice system. Without the presence of correct recognition and penalties for white collar crime, it is going to continue to carry on right up until everyone is either out of cash from getting scammed out of enormous amounts or dead from negligent corporations. The main reason why white collar crimes and other crimes perpetrated by way of the elite can often be downplayed with virtually no repercussion happens because all of us, as the general public, usually do not view it as being a significant problem (Cole, D. , 1999). Within a write-up by Lapeer Piquero titled Assessing the Perceived Seriousness of White-Collar and Street Crimes, the study carried out demonstrates that we do not evaluate white collar crimes as severe criminal acts (Cole, D. , 1999). The majority of people failed to feel as though white collar crimes were a specific problem which would have to be resolved and really should not be a concern for our criminal justice system (Cole, D. , 1999). The research furthermore made notice showing how prosecutors felt concerning white collar crime. Astonishingly, they did not look at white collar crimes as severe either. It is really an evident need for considerably more attention to be paid to these kinds of criminal offenses, because if individuals who are expected to be prosecuting these types of scammers do not believe the infractions which are perpetrated are severe, exactly how is justice accomplished (Cole, D. , 1999)? In the very same study by Piquero, it was said that individuals see street crime as much more of a problem (Cole, D. , 1999). This is certainly easy to understand because it happens to be far more violent in dynamics and it is usually not perpetrated where there is  not a particular target. What a large amount of individuals are not able to understand is the fact that there is more than one kind of white collar crime. Perhaps it will appear in the form of fraud, where someone’s hard earned cash has been siphoned. It might also come in the form of hazardous work conditions, where employees get hurt or ill as a result of inadequate maintenance of the work environment. Or perhaps, the most detrimental situation, it may come in the form of mass fatalities because of the carelessness of a company. In this case, someone must be at fault. Just like many of us believe that if someone murders an individual they need to either go to prison for a lifetime or receive the death penalty, according to your personal preferences, we have to have a similar belief regarding white collar crooks. A life lost is a life lost, regardless of the reasoning behind it may be and if that life is lost as a result of someone’s intent to carry out harm or complete disregard to correct a problem which has a possibility to do harm, the end result is the exact same ultimately and an individual needs to answer for that. In summary, with regards to criminal offenses committed by the upper class, it needs to be looked at within the exact same light that street crime is looked at. It is not important if an individual is a white collar criminal or a street criminal, the key term continues to be â€Å"criminal† and the â€Å"criminal† justice system should do what is needed to be able to make certain that crime is reduced wherever possible, regardless of what political interests are at play. There are numerous aspects by which one may glance at the role that class plays within the criminal justice system, however I feel as though the disadvantage that it leaves the lower class at as well as the injustice that happens during the arresting and sentencing process is illogical and unjust. In relation to racism, sexism and classism, class takes on the greatest role. Class forms the individuals you come across, the school you go to and regrettably if you are or are not likely to serve time in jail (Hashimoto, 2011). Although I am not an endorse of actuarial techniques, I do concur with Erica Hashimoto in the feeling that there must be information gathered on class alone rather than integrating it with yet another attribute such as ethnic background or mental illness (Hashimoto, 2011). It would be fascinating to see if, after the information is gathered, we discover the quantity of crime being committed by the upper class. The system must focus on a method to place the  upper class in the limelight and make sure they know what it feels like to become a focused group to be able to find out if that technique decreases the quantity of crime committed by the elite. There are various agencies that are meant to police and control the upper class for example the FBI, Inspectors General, US Postal Inspector, Secret Service, Customs, US Marshall Service and also the IRS, however everyone knows that corruption happens in just about all areas and it is not difficult to entice an IRS employee to keep his o r her mouth closed with regards to unlawful activities with a few million dollars (Hashimoto, 2011). Therefore, until we have an official force that is prepared to actually take a stand against upper class crime and classism within the criminal justice system, it is going to always flourish and the â€Å"Rich get richer, poor get prison† routine is going to carry on. References Barak, G. P. (2007). Class, race gender. Lanham, maryland: Rowman and littlesfield. Brewer, R. M. , Heitzeg, N. A. (2008). The Racialization of Crime and Punishment: Criminal Justice, Color-Blind Racism, and the Political Economy of the Prison Industrial Complex.

Unnatural Causes free essay sample

Whereas, Tondra Young’s district, district 24, has an average combined household income of $70,000/annually and 15% of the population has a college degree. The life expectancy of district 24 is 75 years, that’s 7 years less than district 16. In district 21, Corey Anderson’s district, the average combined household income is less than $50,000/ annually and only 5% of the districts population have college degrees. Consequently, the life expectancy of district 21 is 70 years, 5 years less than district 24 and 12 years less than district 16 (Adelman 2008).The results of this study are indisputable: there is an obvious correlation between social/economic status and health status. As each districts average income and education level decrease, average life expectancy coincides. This leads to the next question: why does social and economic status so greatly influence health status? One could supply many obvious reasons for this correlation in health care; this correlation, as illustrated above, shows research-based evidence that being of lower economic and social standing places individuals at an increased risk for health complications. We will write a custom essay sample on Unnatural Causes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The more obvious explanations for this occurrence could be that individuals with decreased economic and social status would have less access to health care related to diminished finances, or they would have unhealthy diets related to higher costs of healthy foods, or due to their lack of substantial education they would, in turn, lack in knowledge of health care practices. Oddly enough, these factors are not the major contributor. The reason for the correlation between health care and social/ economic status, which the documentary primarily focuses on, can be narrowed down to one culprit: stress.According to the documentary, it is the increased stress level in lower income population that accounts for the increase in morbidities. The result of chronic stress on the body is a chronic release of the body’s stress hormone: cortisol (Adelman 2008). When the body accumulates too much cortisol it leads to a decrease in immune system function and thus, creating an increase in sickness. Regardless of one’s social status or stress level, there is one more disturbing factor that prevents a person from achieving optimal health care: race.Racial discrimination has been linked with high blood pressure, increased rates of coronary artery disease and infant death. African Americans, for example, have higher rates of many chronic diseases and die earlier that Caucasians, regardless of the social gradient. In a National study it was found that over 83,000 excess deaths occurred per year in the African American community alone! â€Å"That’s the equivalent of a major airline filled with Black passengers falling out of the sky every single day, every year. † (Adelman 2008). There are many ways we can improve health care equity.The two main things we can do are to identify health determinants and create public health programs. Public health programs traditionally address population health through measures to prevent and control health problems; it is also important that they identify the structural and intermediate determinants that lead to ill health (CDC 2012). We as nurses can help with this approach as we are always observing and assessing. It is our jobs as nurses to identify social determinants in our patients and identify ways we can help them individually. For example, a patient has been prescribed ten different medications and the patient tells you she can only afford a few of them and will only take the important ones. It is our jobs to help this woman correctly identify which of the medications is indeed the most important. Nurses can always promote community health with programs such as: blood pressure screenings, maternity lectures etc. Making simple and affordable preventative care measure available to the community is the most important thing we can do to improve health!