Hygiene and Cleaning in Food Manufacturing

Hygiene and Cleaning in Food Manufacturing Karl Chamberlain Quality, Hygiene and Environmental Systems Contents Introduction Define the content of quality management systems and critically evaluate the business benefits of such systems What are the benefits to a food producing business of adhering to such a quality management system? The systems, procedures and records utilised by a company to control the quality of a food product The systems, procedures and records utilised by a company to control the safety of a food product The systems, procedures and records utilised by a company to control the legality of a food product Reference list The importance of cleaning programmes within food production areas in the meat industry It is vital to the success of any food manufacturing business to ensure that effective cleaning programmes are in place and are followed. The main purpose of cleaning within a manufacturing environment is to prevent any physical, chemical or microbiological contamination happening to the end product. Cleaning programmes are used to ensure that all areas of the factory and pieces of machinery are cleaned correctly and to a pre-determined frequency. Within the meat industry adequate cleaning is especially important as often raw and cooked meats will be cooked and used on the same site so contamination from raw product to cooked is a high possibility if equipment has not been cleaned properly. If cleaning programs are not in place or are not followed there could be heavy consequences for the manufacturer. Firstly this could lead to a food poisoning outbreak due to microbiological contamination. It could also lead to increased customer complaint due to physical or chemical contamination. Both of these could cause a product withdrawal which will have huge cost implications for the business. Product withdrawals and customer complaints could also lead to losing business, both from end users and from retailers. Losing business could potentially lead to the closure of the business. Hygiene Cleaning Procedure How an Environmental Management System can assist a food manufacturing business in meeting legislative requirements and reducing impacts on the environment Environmental management systems have been in the use for around twenty years and over this time schemes and standards have been created for such systems to follow. One such standard is the ISO 14001 standard, which was first created in 1996 . While the use of an environmental management system is voluntarily, increasingly retailers are requesting that there suppliers have a system in place and that this system is accredited by an external company. An environmental management system (EMS) should be used to manage a food manufacturing business’s environmental impact. This can include managing the company’s waste levels, material usage, emissions and energy usage and transport implications. There are numerous pieces of environmental legislation which a food manufacturer may need to adhere to. This can include legislation on air, water, energy, waste and chemicals. An EMS can be used to assist the food business in meeting these requirements as well as helping to reduce any impacts on the environment. Before an environmental management system can be set up firstly the management must pledge their commitment and an environmental policy should be created. This document should include the intentions of the company regarding environmental issues such as complying with environmental legislation and continuous improvement of environmental systems. Next an environmental review should be carried out, looking at all of the environmental issues that the company has. This will allow the company to find the strenghts and weaknesses of the organisations current operations. The next step is to to plan the environmental mangement system. All environemental issues affecting the company should have been identified previously and this will provide the starting points for the organisation. Environmntal regulations and legislation should be considered and planned to be built into the system. The organisation should also set targets for each part of the system and prograammes and system should be put into place to achieve these targets. Once the enivornmental management system is planned it should be implemented within the business. All staff members within the business should be briefed about the implmenetation of the system and howit will involve them. Responsibilies should be assignemned and training giveen to people who will be directly invloved with the system. Any environmental aspects covered by the system should be integrated into daily procedures within thhe company. The organisation should ensure that they have operational control over any processes which are known to have environmental issues. Contingency plans should be set up in the event that any part of the system fails or an accident happenes such as a chemical spillage and responsible people should be aware of these plans and know what to do should an issue occur. Once the environmental management system is fully implemented external accreditation should be sought. This will give the manufacturers customers confidence in their environmental system and will also help to identify any short comings in the system. The environmental system and the arges set for it shold be measured to ensure that these are being met. The system should also be regualrly audited against and any non conformances should be indetified, reported and rectified. Having an environemtal system allows the manufacturer to identify environmental issues and legislaion that must be met and provides policies and proceures which give guidance on exaactly how this should be done. An environmental system is also a good way to demonstrate compliance to legislation as it shows that an organisation has really commited to reducing its environmental impact and adhering to all relevant legislation. Conclusion Hygiene, cleaning and the procedures and programmes associated with this are a necessity to any food manufacturing company. There are a number of potential penalties and problems that can be caused by not having proper hygiene procedures in place and could ultimately lead to the manufacturer losing business or being shut down by environmental health. The importance of environmental polices and system are also vital for the success of a food manufacturing business however during the recession environmental issues and impacts seem to have taken a back seat to increasing efficiencies and cutting costs however as the economy begins to recover environmental issue may begin to be a major focus for food manufactures again. Reference List Buchanan, G. (1999). Cleaning, Sanitizing Pest Control in Food Processing [Online] Available from: http://seafood.oregonstate.edu/.pdf%20Links/Cleaning,%20Sanitizing,%20and%20Pest%20Control%20in%20Food%20Processing,%20Storage,%20and%20Service%20Areas.pdf Last accessed: 01/04/2014 Cook Safe. (2012). Food Safety Assurance System [Online] Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0CDEQFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fmultimedia.food.gov.uk%2Fmultimedia%2Fpdfs%2Fcshrcleaning.pdfei=wexCU8u6I8nF7Aa18YG4CQusg=AFQjCNFZkCnzwokgHYqHLoev91PjjRm-0wsig2=kIZZraCA5clxeMG4OYQoXAbvm=bv.64125504,d.ZGU Last accessed: 04/04/2014 Hugh Crane Cleaning Equipment (HCCE). (2013). Product Information Sheet: Powerfoam VF4 [Online] Available from: htttp://www. hughcrane.co.uk/media/product/data-sheets/03HC2535.pdf‎ Last accessed: 03/04/2014 Johnson DIversey. (2004). Johnson Diversey Quadet Clear [Online] Available from: www.dbm-ltd.co.uk/hygiene/products//open/quatdet_clear_PIS.pdf‎ Last accessed: 04/04/2014 National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI). (2003) ISO 14001 Environmental Management Standard; Detailed guide [Online] Available from: http://www.nsai.ie/NSAI/files/6b/6b1d7f65-35c5-4b1e-a8e6-5431982da140.pdf Last accessed: 04/04/2014 Nothern Ireland Environemnt Agency (NIEA). (2009). Measuring the effectiveness of Environemntal Management Systems [Online] Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0CC8QFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doeni.gov.uk%2Fniea%2Fmeasuring_the_effectiveness_of_ems_phase_1-2.pdfei=T-tCU6fOOMeg7AbHtICAAgusg=AFQjCNGV95A7BvrcGD51TjkMstp9CUrWNwsig2=EnF7STqNfbgVQbzOsXZpjgbvm=bv.64125504,d.ZGU Last accessed : 04/04/2014 Strum, A. (1997). ISO 14001 Implementing an Environmental Management System [Online] Avalable from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0CDwQFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellipson.com%2Ffiles%2Febooks%2FISO14000.pdfei=eeVCU9WwOLPH7AamhYCgAwusg=AFQjCNE3xtTbKc8rCpwvzDXjyGN7pQL5-Qsig2=dgGtS7XJH5Z_2kfbg4wTywbvm=bv.64125504,d.ZGU Last accessed: 01/04/2014

Twelve Angry Men - Juror 3 Essay -- essays research papers

12 Angry Men - Juror#3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a crowded jury room in downtown New York, opinions collide as discussion about the innocence of a young boy is decided. The dark and foreboding storm clouds that hang over the heads of the jurors are beginning to lift as time progresses and new facts are presented. One juror is not happy about this stay of execution and is holding fast his opinion of guilty. Juror three, the president of his business, refuses to alter his vote or opinion in any way. Still haunted by his own son, juror three verbally assaults the group with a forceful tone and a taciturn attitude. One of twelve, Reginald Rose created them all from the same pen and ink, and they could all be no more different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Juror three is angry, bitter man who has spent his entire life forcing his opinions unto others, and has most likely succeeded in this endeavor. As head of his own company, he isn’t he used to the resistence he is getting from the group. To help his arguments, he uses the phrase â€Å"know what I mean† at the end of almost everything he says, putting any juror with an opposing argument in an awkward position. As the play wears on and his reliable witnesses were called into question, and more speculation was put upon the table, he begins to become more forceful in his arguments, raising his voice much more often than usual. He firmly believes in the guilt of the accused, no matter what the other jurors say or do. There are ...

Compare & Contrast “Mid Term break” by Seamus Heaney & “Treasure in the Heart” by Joolz Essay

Recently I have been studying two similarly themed poems both concentrated upon the chilling reality of death. In the following essay I will to analyse & compare the similarities & contrasts between â€Å"Mid term break† Written by Seamus Heaney & â€Å"Treasure in the Heart† written by Joolz. I will attempt to delve & explore the subconscious meanings behind the structure and wording of these poems. I will attempt to give a brief overview of relevant background information concerning Heaney & Joolz which had a substantial effect on the poems written by both poets. Seamus Heaney was born in April nineteen thirty nine, the first of a closely knit family what would eventually turn out to be nine siblings. This ment Seamus felt a lot of responsibility to his family from a young age. This is surely a contributing factor to why he wrote this poem as he would have surely blamed himself in part for his brother’s death. This is very similar to one of the reason why Joolz would have written her poem both were very close to these people and felt a lot of anguish at there passing. Both would have wanted to be able to pay there respects in a more memorable & effective way for themselves. Seamus family was a mixture of â€Å"old Ireland† his father being a second generation cattle. But his mother was a descendant of the â€Å"new Ireland† a family with many Irish industrial ties. This surely gave Seamus a unique and very diverse view when it came to his surroundings. When Seamus was only twelve years old he was awarded a scholarship to St.Columb College. This gave him a real opportunity to do what he could with his life. Evidently family was a very important subject in Heaney’s life & I am sure that is why he found it so important to write a poem about this event. From studying the title of his poem â€Å"Mid term Break† you would expect a happy poem with children playing having fun. You would not expect the opposite and that is exactly what this poem really represents. The poem is about death and the wave of misery & destruction that affects the concerned people. Another way you could look at the title of the poem is that he wanted to make his last memory of his brother a fond one. As he was also older when he wrote this final reflection it would have ment it would be a more mature & reflective title, this however would surely of been different had he wrote it at the time of the death the title would have probably been more an angry outburst of sadness & hatred upon his part. The word â€Å"angry† in the title could first of all represent a break in the routine of everyone’s life, as if once the terrible accident happened everything halted to a stop as people took time to mourn. This word break could also symbolize a time of great time of sadness & grief just like â€Å"bells knelling†. The start of the poem starts slowly rather ambiguously like a sick joke slowly revealing the punch line. He begins the poem with slow & cagey vocabulary it signifies a young boys nervous, clammy state of mind. You can identify with how he would feel when he says: â€Å"I sat all morning† From this you can feel the tension in the air like a tightly pulled string about to snap. When you think of having to wait some-where for a long time alone it conjures up memories of boring and sad times. This really sets the theme and tone for the rest of the poem just in this one line a very effective way to begin. He leaves it very mysterious at the start but you know what the general flavour of the poem is going to be from this one taste. The whole poem is set in first person. This gives it a more immediate impact as if you are living the occasion right now. This is more of an effective style when trying to show the reader the circumstances of the writers anguish. Rather than being set in third person it is more in your face and this gives you the sense of almost viewing the whole scene as a bi-stander. The use of wording in the second line is a very significant & begins to give you an inkling of what has happened when he says: â€Å"Bells knelling† The way knelling is slotted into the poem is a useful indicator of what has happened, as seen by the actual definition of knelling which is: (verb) 1. To ring a bell slowly & solemnly, especially for a funeral. So as shown by the very descriptive use of wording used at this stage the bells were a very significant part his memory of this saddest of times. The bells would have also have been very significant to him at the time as I am sure time was going so slowly for him. He would have felt sick, agitated but the bells would re-assure him of the fact that time was still going & that no matter how bad he felt life goes on. Then he moves on to an even more awkward situation you can feel the cold sadness in the air of this journey, the tears streaming down his face when he moves onto: â€Å"Two O’clock our neighbours drove me home† The inclusion of time is very significant, as it shows how slow time really would have been going for Heaney right then. The way he describes the drive home in general give you a chill down your spine after all he says is: â€Å"The neighbours† He makes the whole experience feel very in-personal & foreign as if he was being taken home by some complete stranger like a police officer after doing something horrific. The whole of the first verse runs on as is then the theme for the rest of the poem. You would tend to believe this is down to the face that when he wrote this poem it was along time after and the memory had all become one jumbled up mess. So this would lead you to think these certain scenes are imprinted into him like a scar deeply running into his darkest parts. As if the memory will be with him for life so he has to get it down on to paper to lighten some of the weight of his pain. Then he moves onto a scene that was at the time almost as scaring to his conscious being as his brothers death was: â€Å"I met my father crying† This would have been a very shocking & and uncomfortable situation for Seamus at the time. Surely this one scene would have driven home to him how he must stay strong for his family as they needed him to. The use of such a miserable revelation as a parent crying over there lost son also shows the reader the effect it had on everyone & how much of a horrific and un-natural situation it is and that no one should have to suffer. But then just to finish you off he drops in this one really tiny piece of info that really gets to you: â€Å"He had always taken funerals in his stride† Just as if you didn’t feel for him and his family how terrible this was. When a grown man cries it really shows you how terrifying a fact it is that this one simple act of carelessness can rip a grown man to shreds. Moving on next you get one character that you will normally find at funerals trying to consol everyone with cheap words. But all everyone really longs for are those precious ties to be relived with the little boy who they all loved but was taken away from them in one â€Å"break†. You then get the sharp but beautiful contrast of something so special it really gives you that glimmer of hope. When you are reminded in your glum, unforgiving state that life is still growing & that there are still more happy memories to be lived. But also it would feel ignorant & rude to laugh at a funeral, but it feels right when a baby laughs. This gives you a reminder of the innocence of the young and how life will poison this if you do not die young. Next you move onto a totally different scene: â€Å"Old men standing up† This shows the respect they have for this boy as if for today he was a man & with that comes the pain of life. Heaney uses this situation to his advantage however. Every man has suffered this some time he does not know what is going on or how these men are here or who they are. But there is one thing he does know he should be nervous & embarrassed after all they are here paying respects for this brother and he doesn’t even know who they are. But even under all this you feel the character of a boy now a man shine though. You can feel the bitterness conveyed when he says: â€Å"Tell me they were sorry for my trouble† He understands even then when he was just a young boy the hypocritical vibe he feels from them. I mean how can they even know his brother he was only four he had barely even seen the world so what makes these men so special? You then get the other end of the spectrum another stage in the routine of mourning. Anger of course she’s angry who wouldn’t be if there son was tragically knocked over in some freak accident? But you know you never get the real impact of death concerning a little child until you realise how bad the mother is feeling. That is what really makes this part so personal and gripping: â€Å"Coughed out angry tearless sighs† It hits you the reader how bad she must be feeling. So sad & angry she can’t even face releasing her eyes to gush out the tears she so richly deserves to let go. No instead she locks away herself to the world & just grips to her son like a young girl clutching her comforting teddy. But no he still won’t release himself to mourn he must stay strong for the family. Even hours after the death the true tole of what has happened still doesn’t truly hit then young man still counting the time like the clock of death ticking away A prominent theme though out the poem of course from that solemn tolling bell. But still it hasn’t hit him as now his brother has gone not even a person just: â€Å"The corpse, stanched & bandaged† The memories are as if they have no left the body all that is left is the empty meaningless shell. Even though is written in first person the description is so in-personal it’s almost cruel. But then the final nine lines are like one big jumbled description more like a final saying goodbye. He describes such a simple but beautiful just as he would want his brother to have the best. Not an empty corpse this time this is as if his brother is only sleeping for a long time. The scene is the most beautiful & ironically happiest part of them poem. â€Å"Snowdrops & candles soothed the bedside† This gives the impression of it being a very tranquil & comfortable scene where finally he can mourn & try to come to terms with his brother’s death. The use of snowdrops describes a very beautiful & pure room as if angels are watching over his brother from above. As he would want now his brother is with them. He the goes on to use an intriguing word to describe the bruise on his temple: â€Å"Wearing a poppy bruise† It’s almost as if it is not a bruise on his head but a sign of remembrance not just for him but it also signifies the wasteful way so many young men & women lose their lives. It not a bruise on his head really it’s an emblem an icon never to be forgotten neither shall is brother be forgotten as he continues to remain young: â€Å"A four foot box a foot for every year† Really that is when it hits you the use of this simile is just enough to make you think what really is the point when people are dieing so young. I think in the reality the last line is there to create a memorable finish that will stick in your mind forever. In final analysis of the poem I find the poem to start off slow with a sort of dull boring way for effect. But then in the second stanza the poem reads through very quickly this continues until the sixth stanza, I believe this is to display how much a blur the whole memory is. Until he comes to the most significant last two stanzas: â€Å"Snowdrops & candles soothed the bedside† This is a beautiful & calm analogy unlike the previous few stanzas it is a more calm & thoughtful description. Throughout the last two stanzas he uses a lot more punctuation like commas and full-stops for example. This is because it was probably the most memorable part of the whole experience after all it’s the last time he saw his baby brother. I find this poem to be a very beautiful & realistic poem. He uses good effects such as descriptive words & an ever changing pace to keep the reader glued and keeps them thinking. He uses some very good similes such as: â€Å"He lay in his four foot box as in his cot† This sad but beautiful simile is a great way to finish off any poem and in all I think it is a great poem. Also the most interesting aspect of the middle stanzas he takes you though different people & there contrasting ways of dealing with bereavement Now moving onto Joolz and the information behind her life and why she would put what she has in her poem. Joolz born in Colchester in 1955 actually once said herself: â€Å"I was a difficult child† Brought up in Cosham near Portsmouth she would often spend lots of time with her Nan as her mother worked for the electricity board & her father would spend long periods away with the army. This is probably the main reason behind why she was angry at the death of her grand mother and the setting of her funeral. Joolz was a troubled youth, she hated school everything except art. She could make herself ill on demand, a weapon she surely used more than once. She moved to Harrogate, Yorkshire in her childhood where she would be based for many years. As an adolescent she was difficult to look after and was put on tranquilisers. When she was only sixteen years old talented at poetry she went along to a folk club at the time she was the only girl. When only 19 she married a maintenance fitter & motorbike kid. After that for a while she stopped writing poetry but after five years they split up and she moved to Bradford. This show how will full she was and independent she must have truly believed in being herself & obviously it must have been very hard for her at her Nan’s funeral evidently. From the title of Joolz poem: â€Å"Treasure in the Heart† You can tell this is going to be a very loving & beautiful portrayal of some ones life. Obviously to reflect on a true treasure in Joolz heart. The use of these words is a very poetic way to start. The title of Joolz poem is more to the point & gives you an idea of what the poem is going to be about. Unlike Heaney’s title which is rather misleading & elusive. Both ways are effective but in different aspects, Heaney’s for shocking you after such a normal & uninspiring title. But then there is Joolz title which is just so beautiful & really gives you the sense of passion from the start. This really sets the tone for the whole poem & you know from then on there is going to be a lot of regret & passion blazed on these stanzas. Her passion is displayed by the strong words she uses like â€Å"shouted† the wording shows how much she cared. Just like in Heaney’s poem Joolz sets hers in first person. This as I said is significant as it gets the reader more immersed & just like Heaney’s poem it means the emotions from the poem can shine through. All through the first three lines she begins them with â€Å"I should†. This shows how angry she was at herself and evidently she wish she could make it up to her Nan. But even more important she wishes she could go back & change everything. But crucially I think she is writing this poem as some sort of minor reprisal for the way she let her Nan down, but also for her to vent her anger the only constructive way she knows how. Also she wants to immerse the reader and by opening with this repetitive start it intrigues the reader and compels them to read on. But she’s not just angry at herself just like she has lived her life she is angry at the system: â€Å"In that sickly, stupid, hideous place† This really shows the root of her furious tone. She knows that the chapel was never good enough not for her Nan not for no ones. She knows that nothing but the best would be good enough & you know from the way she reacts she just wanted it to be perfect. What she did not want it to be was fake, un-respectful & thoughtless but that’s all it really was: â€Å"Full of fake fabric flowers†¦ taped organ music† This she knows should have been a happier occasion after all her nana had a long life†¦she was lucky when you think of Heaney’s brother & the way he was taken she would have known her nana was lucky too. But why such a fake terrible service to remember her after all was her Nan not good enough for some real beautiful flowers at some gorgeous antique church? Even then more insults seemed to sprout from every where for instance all ten people who turned up, after all those years her Nan had lived did she not deserve for a at least a few more people to pay there respects? A far cry from the hundreds of people who were there for Heaney and his family after his brother’s death, what a difference a few people make. But then the biggest insult of them all, this really seemed to push Joolz to breaking point but at the same time drew the writer in: â€Å"this fat, untidy†¦woman rolls out sonorously†¦imbecile clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s† Even then she knows no matter how bad the ceremony was still a great person: â€Å"her terrible strength & sword sharp truthfulness† This is why Joolz loves her Nan & why someone would not have loved her would have probably bewildered her. But how even her Nan had fallen from that once great person who she will always love and cherish but now she is just: â€Å"Shell thin and faded silvery† This must really hurt Joolz to see her Nan the most motherly figure she probably had, turned into nothing more than skin & bones. Overall her Nan was ten times better than that fat untidy Christian woman could ever be and that is what she hates most. She hates how she was at her funeral this is evident all the way from lines twenty five- thirty! â€Å"Snotty nosed†¦still a child† This is very important as it shows through all the anger & her thoughts that she was still only a child & must understand how is was not really her fault. In fact Heaney was at a very similar age he neither knew what to do but they dealt with it the same at the end of the day but in there own little ways. I understand totally after all when you are only a teenager you are fully aware of death but it still remains some one else’s problem till it hits you. But even then she knew very well that her nana deserved more time than she got: â€Å"Nine minutes that stupid ceremony took† Time is important to her after all the years her nana spent looking after her all the opportunity she has to pay her respects is nine pitiful minutes. Of course this is going to make her angry everyone deserves the chance to mourn for longer than nine minutes no matter who you are: â€Å"Listen to me!† The line she has probably rehearsed in her head a thousand times but she lets it pass. She would have been fierce like her nana would have wanted. This is the passion she really wants to show on that fateful day, or just to say how disgusted she really was. Then she could have rallied her ceremony to make it that little bit more perfect: â€Å"She deserved more than this†¦in the end† She would have said everything she needed to say then and she would never have needed to write this poem. But then you would never of had this ending of such sad proportions: â€Å"But I said nothing†¦im really sorry† These are really important words as then finally say what she has all along been longing to bellow. The whole poem is set out more like one whole paragraph for the majority. More of speech than a poem, in truth the lines are simple sectioned into groups ranting about different topics. The poem flows well all of it relating into the next part as it is very well though out. I personally find the poem to be good but it is a more personal topic. I find it harder to relate to this poem rather than Heaney’s however the use of description & the whole poem is very impressive. Finally I found Heaney’s poem to be the better & most effective. The fact that the poem was about a year olds death compels me more than Joolz topic.

Social Media And Victim Vulnerability - 1538 Words

Social Media’s Contribution To Victim Vulnerability to Online Predators Asonafer Washington Sam Houston State University Abstract This study investigated the relationship between social media access and victim vulnerability to online predators. I administered anonymous surveys to 20 students at Sam Houston State University that inquired about their involvement on social media and their experiences with online predation. I found my results to be supportive of my hypothesis. According to my results, people that spent more time and posted personal information on social media sites had been victims of online predation at some point in their lives. Whereas, the people who answered â€Å"no† to my questions of involvement on social media didn’t have these experiences. Introduction As technology in today’s society continues to advance, people are opting to spend more of their time in cyberspace. Internet access makes it easy to catch up on current events in the world and is also a great way to network and meet new people from different areas without having to leave the comforts of your home. It is common to have a social media account with popular online networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or Snapchat. Easy account set-ups make it possible for just about anyone to sign up, no matter the age. However, people ranging from their early teens to late twenties tend to frequent social media networks more than any other age group. Social media is often viewed asShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesserves as the basis for all human interaction, and in this case, cyberbullying. With the explosion of social media and internet related activities, there has been a sudden increase in cyberbullying cases. 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Theology Analysis of Friedrich Schleiermachers Speeches

Introduction Friedrich Schleiermachers On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers led to his description of the Father of Modern Theology. The first two speeches, Defence and The Nature of Religion both use established concepts to oppose orthodoxy and establish a new method of theological thought that influences theology to modern times. Paul Tillich and Karl Rahner are also influential, both supporting the vital and intimate relationship between the divine and the human. Furthermore, this essential interrelationship and theologys focus on it are supported by various Christian philosophical/theological thinkers, including Langdon Gilkey, Martin Luther, John Calvin and Blaise Pascal. Body: Q1. Friedrich Schleiermacher has often been called the father of Modern Theology. On the basis of the first two speeches of On Religion: Speeches to its cultured despisers, is that title rightly accorded him or not? Why? The first two speeches of On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers distinguish Schleiermacher as the father of Protestant Liberal Theology, at the very least (Schleiermacher 1996, xiv, xi). The First Speech is Defence (Schleiermacher 1996, 1-25) and the Second Speech is The Nature of Religion (Schleiermacher 1996, 26-118). Reacting to the orthodoxy, enlightened rationality and detachment, and neoclassical ideals of his time (Schleiermacher 1996, xiv, xvi), Schleiermacher used some established concepts to articulate a newer, liberal approach

Does Sexual Abuse in Adolescents Lead to Homosexuality...

This study is about whether there is a correlation between physical and sexual abuse in adolescents becoming homosexual. Throughout past research there has been no direct correlation in stating is does cause adolescents to become homosexual. The event of someone changing their sexual identity is when they gone through some traumatic situation in their life. The tests we ran for this study are The Life Experience Questionnaire, The Lesbian Internalized Homophobic Scale, and The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. This study is done to prove there is a correlation between physical and sexual abuse equaling homosexuality. Introduction Homosexuality is increasing in number in today’s society due to a number of situations that†¦show more content†¦When looking through research a study located looked at the issue of trauma causing homosexuality. In the study, we will be looking at key terms to set the boundaries of were exactly this study is going to look at physical abuse, sexual abuse, and homosexuality. In clarifying, what the words mean the following are the definitions for physical abuse, sexual abuse, and homosexuality. The definition of physical abuse believe to fit the study well is, â€Å"Defined as the minor’s experience of an assaults by an adult caretaker that poses a risk of injury or bodily harm such as being hit with an object such as belt or being hit so hard that the blow created a bruises† (Tami P. Sullivan). An example of this would be having someone who is above the age of 18, a legal adult, hitting someone who is under the age of 18, a minor, to the poi nt of it causing physical harm. This can manifest itself in many different ways and it can happen to any age, but for this study, it is looking at adolescents. 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Classism in Criminal Justice free essay sample

Justice is a word that many of us hear every single day and accept although a lot of us possess skepticism in regards to what it really means. Generally speaking, justice is the concept of righteousness and equality. When it comes to society’s thoughts about how â€Å"just† the criminal justice system is, we usually include the â€Å"ism’s†: sexism, classism, and racism, to illustrate a number of the stumbling blocks that this program possesses (Brewer Heitzeg, 2008). Although it is evident that most of these societal distinctions play a significant role within the criminal justice process, my goal is to give attention to classism. Classism would be the discrimination towards a group or individual based upon social and economic standing (Webster, 2008). Classism is certainly one of those â€Å"ism’s† that occurs a lot more than all of us realize and quite often, we might mistake it with things like racism or sexism. Classism, from my opinion, takes on a greater role within the criminal justice system rather than the other types of discriminatory practices. Specifically, class mainly comes into play throughout the sentencing process. Numerous authors believe elements beyond class play a far more crucial part, however I think that there must be far more focus paid to the role that class plays within the targeting and the sentencing procedure within the criminal justice system. So that you can be aware of the part that class plays within the sentencing process, we have to, first, consider the role that it plays prior to when the criminal gets to the day of sentencing. There is a variety of periodicals that speak on profiling and actuarial techniques which get individuals into the system. Although these are generally two huge proponents of the discriminatory acts which exist within the bounds of the criminal justice system, it does not start with these institutionalized techniques (Brewer Heitzeg, 2008). The initial examples regarding discrimination, leading to all of the other types inside the system, are often the laws and crime management policies which are integrated that, in most cases, are placed in favor of the wealthy and in opposition to the poor (Brewer Heitzeg, 2008). In Marxist criminology, one of many essential concepts would be that the â€Å"ruling class† places every one of the other classes at a disadvantage. This is often accomplished by means of labeling specific acts as deviant and, in laymen’s term, these types of deviant acts come to be referred to as â€Å"crimes† (Barak, G. P. 2007). Clearly, the individuals that happen to be labeling these kinds of alleged deviant acts are not likely to mandate them in opposition of their pursuits, so they are created in a manner that provides the individuals with high class as well as power certain flexibility, whereas the individuals whose interests are not taken into consideration are placed at an unjust disadvantage. Authors of Class, Race Gender Crime, Barak, Leighton and Flavin stated â€Å"The rich and powerful use their influence to keep acts from becoming crimes, even though these acts may be more socially injurious than those labeled criminal† (Barak, Leighton and Flavin 2007, 124). These types of deviant acts are generally managed by laws and regulations that happen to be integrated to enhance the interest of the state, which happens to be run by way of the upper-class. Again and again we come across instances of this particular disadvantage in play. This is often displayed by means of favoritism displayed towards individuals of the upper class by giving them a slap on the wrist for criminal offenses that would be regarded as significant whenever committed by way of a person in the lower class. One more type of this favoritism might be profiling the lower class for particular criminal offenses that the elite might be carrying out for the reason that in the event the lower class commits these types of crimes, they are simply â€Å"more threatening†. Barak, Leighton and Flavin provide a variety of demonstrations of the approach that laws and regulations are just enforced onto specific groups. One display which they presented was the insufficient focus paid to white collar criminal offenses in an attempt to crack down on street crime. The authors explained â€Å"†¦ the Reagan, Bush I, Clinton, and Bush II administrations have all regularly worked to get authorities ‘off the backs’ of businesses while they cranked up their war on the crimes of the poor. For instance, while President Reagan’s ‘tough on crime’ laws broadened the employment of mandatory and minimum sentences together with federal use of the death penalty, his administration eradicated numerous federal regulators as well as inspectors who served as law enforcement officials within the corporate and business community† (Barak, Leighton, Flavin 2007, 183). This is the ideal portrayal involving what Bernard Harcourt calls the â€Å"ratchet effect†. The ratchet effect would be the effect that focusing on a particular populace to lessen criminal offenses has on crime itself (Harcourt, B. , 2007). Each time a class is aimed for; their tendency to commit crime falls off, while the crime rate within the non-targeted class increases (Harcourt, B. , 2007). While this carries on, consideration is not really given to the group with the larger crime rate since the authorities tend to be too dedicated to getting the crime rate down within the specific group. When it comes to white collar crime, it is far from farfetched to think that, along with the previously mentioned statement, the elite simply just â€Å"chose† not to concentrate on the criminal activity within the upper class provided that they are taking advantage of the criminal activity among the lower class. Under Marxist criminology, in response to the oppression and drawbacks unfairly bequeathed upon them, the lower-class participates in what Marxists name â€Å"working class crime† (Macionis 2005, Pg. 38). This sort of crime is the result of a feeling of anomie, which is actually a perception or normlessness within society (Macionis 2005, Pg. 38). This anomie brings about Merton’s Strain Theory which is deviance which is divided into several various types: Innovation, Conformity, Ritualism, Rebellion and Retreatism (Macionis 2005, Pg. 38). Despite the fact that individuals voluntarily take part in these types of crimes, it is because of the cons that they have put on all of them as a result of classism. Combined with the predisposition to commit crime and the ratchet effect, â€Å"The greater public attention to street crime means that it is the poor who are most likely to be arrested, go to trial, and face a prison sentence.† (Macionis 2005, Pg. 38). Several writers take issue with the theory that classism leads to crime. As an example, author of The Dangerous Class, Eric H. Monkkonen found that even though the majority of crime which is accounted for is committed by lower-class residents, crime and poverty are not directly related. In his research of crime and poverty in Columbus, Ohio from 1860-1865, he identified that rural-dwelling crooks possessed a greater socioeconomic reputation in addition to a greater predisposition to commit crime (Monkkonen, Eric H.  1975). Alternatively, urban-dwelling crooks committed significantly less crime. Although this research is now over a century old, we realize that classism has been around since the start of man and what I came across especially fascinating concerning this book was the simple fact that the research had been carried out in the period that Karl Marx was still living (Monkkonen, Eric H. 1975). One of the significant reasons that class is frequently ignored within the role it plays in the criminal justice system is due to the various othervariables for example ethnic background and gender (Holley, 2006). In my opinion, although these might be the greatest aspect in some instances, in many instances it is not. There are numerous publications on studies of discrimination on the part of law enforcement and in many instances this is due to ethnic background (Holley, 2006). In David Cole’s No Equal Justice, you will find accounts from past law enforcement officers which confessed that an eleme nt of their training for specific tasks at work ended up being based on profiling blacks as well as Mexicans (Cole, 1999). This was influenced by the reality that the information gathered from stops which resulted in arrests, mainly blacks and Mexicans suit the description associated with bad guys. Nevertheless, handfuls of this racial profiling resulted in things such as law suits and cases getting trashed because of the reasons for stopping the individual were not determined by probable cause, but on genuine profiling (Cole, 1999). This particular concept of racial profiling ties into my thesis in the sense that it overlooks the function that class takes on for the circumstance. When we take a genuine look at society, the majority of the blacks and Mexicans which commit the crimes that can lead to the statistics are not only minorities, but they are at the same time individuals of a lower socioeconomic position. These figures collected on these lower class residents are the groundwork of actuarial methods. These actuarial methods, consequently, result in profiling. The police might not be racially profiling, though some may, but they are profiling and targeting by means of class. For instance, if anyone drives around a community gradually in a pummeled vehicle that, nine times out of ten, has a problem with it which is against the law, maybe a busted taillight, that individual will likely be stopped regardless of their particular ethnic background. Although this point might be a little bit on the slippery side, if, from your expertise, you might have come to recognize that young adults who recently obtained their own drivers license are apt to have a habit for careless driving, you are going to make use of that information as soon as your seventeen year old cousin asks to use your vehicle for the weekend. This functions the same way as profiling from police. If information and experience demonstrates that lower class citizens commit the greater part of the crimes, they take that into account (Cole, 1999). On the opposite side of my â€Å"reasonable profiling† debate, stands Bernard E. Harcourt and his Against Prediction: Punishing and Policing In An Actuarial Age piece (Harcourt, 2007). Harcourt comprehends the reason why law enforcement officials profile. He is familiar with the idea that law enforcement officials rely on data information to help them get the job done, however he believes that this information is utilized in an excessive amount (Harcourt, 2007). Within the article, he talks about the ratchet effect, as previously mentioned (Harcourt, 2007). Whenever law enforcement make use of this information to target men and women associated with a particular group, it places the specific group within the limelight while the remaining portion of the groups are able to carry out whatever they desire in the dark provided that they do not get ensnared, which in turn seldom occurs. Within Harcourt’s article he mentions the actuarial methods resulting in racial profiling, yet he overlooks a large element (Harcourt, 2007). Whenever a group is focused on, that group is usually not focused on as a result of race, but more specifically the neighborhood. To illustrate, if there happen to be accounts of break-ins within a racially diversified lower-class community and then the law enforcement officials make a decision to place their focus on that problem, regardless of what individual it is, should they suit the description they are going to end up being questioned. Not only are they likely to stop blacks when they do not have a precise description of the assailants because they will stop any individual that may match the description. Harcourt, I believe, was examining an element of the sum when he really should have been examining the sum of the elements, which happens to be class. In accordance with Erica Hashimoto, author of Class Matters, we do not have sufficient information which spearheads the matter of class specifically (Hashimoto, E. 2011). As outlined by Hashimoto, â€Å"†¦Policymakers either have ignored issues related to economic class, instead focusing on issues like drug addiction and mental illness as to which there are more data, or have developed fragmented policies that touch on economic status issues only tangentially† (Hashimoto 2011,Pg. 31). Actuarial strategies, as Harcourt explains, are in desire for radical enhancement in order to take notice of the sociological aspect of class that has on policing (Harcourt, 2007). The continued use of these techniques, if carried on, are likely to frequently keep lower-class residents twisted up in the criminal justice process. After actuarial methods have been applied, the lower-class resident has been booked and processed and when the judicial procedure has started, it, then, brings us to sentencing (Collica Furst, 2012). As if class failed to play a big enough part in getting the person into the system to begin with, it has a much bigger part with regards to sentencing. Sentencing would be the most significant section of the judicial process for the offender due to the fact their fate is up to the discretion of a judge who possesses a greater social as well as economic reputation (Collica Furst, 2012). The key reason why that this is probably not in the defendant’s favor is a result of the truth that the majority of people that the judge encounters are from the exact same group as the offender, and since the legal courts in the present day tend to be more streamlined, the judge is not going to want to glance at the particular details of the situation, particularly when the accused does not have legal counsel. To begin with, there will be points made concerning the brazenly unjust comparisons involving street crime sentences and white collar crime sentences. Returning to Marxist criminology, being that the elite create, control and facilitate the criminal justice system, this does not come to people as a shock that sentencing usually plays in the benefit of the men and women, or businesses, belonging to the upper class. The cliche illustration of classism within the criminal justice system is the subject of powder as opposed to crack cocaine and the mandatory minimums that accompany it (Collica Furst, 2012). The mandatory minimum with regard to powdered cocaine is actually five years for five hundred grams, whereas for crack cocaine it happens to be five years for five grams (Collica Furst, 2012). Cocaine in the powdered variety is pricier as compared to crack cocaine, therefore usually only individuals with heavy wallets are able to afford the habit (Collica Furst, 2012) . The mandatory minimum laws and regulations pertaining to cocaine possession appears to be, in my and plenty of others’ viewpoint, mandated to be able to incarcerate far more lower class citizens, where upper class citizens possess a significantly greater possibility of getting â€Å"off the hook† because of their capability to pay for treatment, which will keep these individuals away from prison. Creators of Class, Race, Gender and Crime, Barak, Leighton and Flavin, elaborate on this problem in fantastic depth. Not only does the criminal justice supply exorbitant advantages to the upper class, the system in addition allows these individuals get away with homicide, literally. Barak, Leighton and Flavin states: If the point of the criminal law is to safeguard people’s health and well-being, then why is there no crime committed in the 2005 fatalities involving a dozen miners in West Virginia? During the two years prior to the explosion, the mine had been cited 273 times for safety infractions, a third of which had been categorized as â€Å"significant and substantial† and 16 infractions logged during the past eight months were detailed as ‘unwarrantable failures,’†¦ This situation appears to fit within the criminal law categories of knowing, careless or negligent, but the majority of issues such as this remain within the realm of administrative sanctions and civil law (Barak, Leighton, and Flavin 2007, Pg.  125). You will find a large number of accidents and fatalities that take place annually as a result of carelessness and willful safety infractions; however they for some reason get swept underneath the rug. Meanwhile, in lower socioeconomic America, the state is applying a diehard effort to be able to crack down on street crimes by means of things such as increasing mandatory minimums, three-strike laws and regulations and far harsher sentenc ing (Barak, Leighton, and Flavin 2007). This system distorts our understanding regarding crime in the United States which in turn causes residents to think that the only criminal offenses which are really worth being concerned about are the ones that we come across and read about every single day, when in actuality, there is a great deal more taking place behind our backs which is resulting in greater damage than an armed robbery. This system is purporting the idea that Mass Murder is ok†¦ if you are rich. C. Wright Mills suggests in The Power Elite, These spheres of power are highly interrelated, with individuals of each and every group originating from comparable upper-class social backdrops, attending a similar private and Ivy League universities and colleges, quite possibly belonging to the very same social or political organizations (Mills 1956). In combination with their common â€Å"ruling class interest,† corporate and business elites additionally make significant political contributions to both Republicans and Democrats to guarantee their entry to the law-making procedure (Mills 1956). This statement supports the point that the upper class possesses â€Å"draw† on the subject of becoming charged with criminal actions, as opposed to lower class individuals who just need to relax and accept what is coming to all of them. In the book The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, Jeffrey Reiman discusses the point that the criminal justice system does not safeguard people from harm done by the powerful for the reason that theoretically they are usually not criminal offenses by conventional characterization (Reiman, 2004). This facilitates the view that crime is socially designed by way of the elite in a manner that they could get away with the harms these people commit while the lower class have to deal with the outcomes with regard to â€Å"crimes† that they commit, despite the fact that these people cause a lot less societal wreckage (Reiman, 2004). We get charged for the criminal activity that elite commit. Furthermore, crimes which are perpetrated by the upper class is far more extensive and leads to considerably more wreckage as compared to street crime due to the fact one crime perpetrated by a insider of the elite could possibly impact countless numbers. Reiman makes use of the concept of a â€Å"Carnival Mirror† to explain how criminal legislation brands particular acts as incredibly harmful and that we have to produce laws and regulations to shield ourselves against them (Reiman, 2004, Pg. 57). This, obviously, is the case with street crime exclusively. We do not possess this concept with regards to crimes perpetrated by way of the elite for the reason that the greater part of these criminal acts get swept under the rug, therefore never bringing in any kind of awareness and, consequently, individuals do not desire to further improve the laws and regulations against the elite. Reiman discusses the way in which the majority of upper class crooks never get to the sentencing procedure considering that the law enforcement officials basically let them go (Reiman, 2004). He says, â€Å"The simple fact is that for the same offense, a poor person is more likely to be arrested and, if arrested charged, than a middle or upper class person. † (Reiman, 2004, Pg. 110. ) This may lead to, as stated previously, targeting of the lower class. Reiman also highlights that a lower class citizen is more likely to be charged as compared to an upper class citizen for a similar crime (Reiman, 2004). It is typical these days to hear about a well-known personality getting tossed in jail and being out in just several hours, for example the situation with Lindsay Lohan. After breaking her probation for a driving under the influence and felony possession of cocaine, the judge sentenced her to carry out 1 month in jail. She was released inside six hours. At this point, if this would have been a lower class resident with no cash and status, they would have served their 1 month without a shadow of a doubt, and that is should they have been fortunate to get a judge that might be lax enough to supply them 1 month. There are many unjust drawbacks that happen to be pushed on the people of the lower class which come with their absence of political power. People of the lower class routinely have to be represented by a public or court designated legal professional that is overworked and does not possess the time and energy to concentrate on their case (Collica Furst, 2012). In many instances, the court designated legal professional may not have the ability to identify their own client at the following court date through the judicial period (Collica Furst, 2012). With regards to the judicial process for white collar criminals, they already have funds to get themselves through the procedure in the way by which they desire. They also have possibilities to place a couple of phone calls and â€Å"pull a few strings† to get the judge on their side (Collica Furst, 2012). Furthermore, they possess their very own legal representatives that happen to be committed to making certain their own client will get as little consequence as you possibly can, which often happens to be a fine (Collica Furst, 2012). These kinds of fines normally do not diminish their wallet, simply because they already possessed that cash set to the side within a â€Å"in the event† account before the case (Collica Furst, 2012). Some other benefits that the upper class possesses over lower class crooks would be the facts there presently exists zero three strike laws and regulations or even death penalty with regard to white collar crooks (Collica Furst, 2012). Judges are generally far more lax with upper class criminals in the sense that their penalties generally consist of suspension or simply fines. In addition, white collar criminals are more inclined to wind up on probation or required to perform community service and with the fines that they must fork out, the total is usually lower than the actual damage induced (Collica Furst, 2012) . When it comes to sentencing variations among lower class criminals and upper class criminals, you will find two very different quotes. With regard to lower class criminals, it is â€Å"You do the crime, you do the time†, however for upper class criminals, it’s a lot more like â€Å"You do the crime, you pay the fine. However, there are several situations where the criminal justice system makes a good example out of individuals and â€Å"hits them with the book†. I thought this was the situation with Bernard â€Å"Bernie† Madoff. After managing a Ponzi scheme, Bernie confessed to 11 federal felony violations associated with fraudulence, perjury and also other white collar violations (Clark McGrath, 2008). He was sentenced to a maximum of one hundred and fifty years (Clark McGrath, 2008). Despite the fact that many men and women might have seen this as a triumph for the criminal justice system in the combat with white collar crime, we have to understand that he is one of the numerous upper class individuals which may be triggering grand scale societal wreckage. In an effort to avoid more Bernie Madoffs from benefiting from our system by means of their status, we need to understand the importance that class has within the criminal justice system. Without the presence of correct recognition and penalties for white collar crime, it is going to continue to carry on right up until everyone is either out of cash from getting scammed out of enormous amounts or dead from negligent corporations. The main reason why white collar crimes and other crimes perpetrated by way of the elite can often be downplayed with virtually no repercussion happens because all of us, as the general public, usually do not view it as being a significant problem (Cole, D. , 1999). Within a write-up by Lapeer Piquero titled Assessing the Perceived Seriousness of White-Collar and Street Crimes, the study carried out demonstrates that we do not evaluate white collar crimes as severe criminal acts (Cole, D. , 1999). The majority of people failed to feel as though white collar crimes were a specific problem which would have to be resolved and really should not be a concern for our criminal justice system (Cole, D. , 1999). The research furthermore made notice showing how prosecutors felt concerning white collar crime. Astonishingly, they did not look at white collar crimes as severe either. It is really an evident need for considerably more attention to be paid to these kinds of criminal offenses, because if individuals who are expected to be prosecuting these types of scammers do not believe the infractions which are perpetrated are severe, exactly how is justice accomplished (Cole, D. , 1999)? In the very same study by Piquero, it was said that individuals see street crime as much more of a problem (Cole, D. , 1999). This is certainly easy to understand because it happens to be far more violent in dynamics and it is usually not perpetrated where there is  not a particular target. What a large amount of individuals are not able to understand is the fact that there is more than one kind of white collar crime. Perhaps it will appear in the form of fraud, where someone’s hard earned cash has been siphoned. It might also come in the form of hazardous work conditions, where employees get hurt or ill as a result of inadequate maintenance of the work environment. Or perhaps, the most detrimental situation, it may come in the form of mass fatalities because of the carelessness of a company. In this case, someone must be at fault. Just like many of us believe that if someone murders an individual they need to either go to prison for a lifetime or receive the death penalty, according to your personal preferences, we have to have a similar belief regarding white collar crooks. A life lost is a life lost, regardless of the reasoning behind it may be and if that life is lost as a result of someone’s intent to carry out harm or complete disregard to correct a problem which has a possibility to do harm, the end result is the exact same ultimately and an individual needs to answer for that. In summary, with regards to criminal offenses committed by the upper class, it needs to be looked at within the exact same light that street crime is looked at. It is not important if an individual is a white collar criminal or a street criminal, the key term continues to be â€Å"criminal† and the â€Å"criminal† justice system should do what is needed to be able to make certain that crime is reduced wherever possible, regardless of what political interests are at play. There are numerous aspects by which one may glance at the role that class plays within the criminal justice system, however I feel as though the disadvantage that it leaves the lower class at as well as the injustice that happens during the arresting and sentencing process is illogical and unjust. In relation to racism, sexism and classism, class takes on the greatest role. Class forms the individuals you come across, the school you go to and regrettably if you are or are not likely to serve time in jail (Hashimoto, 2011). Although I am not an endorse of actuarial techniques, I do concur with Erica Hashimoto in the feeling that there must be information gathered on class alone rather than integrating it with yet another attribute such as ethnic background or mental illness (Hashimoto, 2011). It would be fascinating to see if, after the information is gathered, we discover the quantity of crime being committed by the upper class. The system must focus on a method to place the  upper class in the limelight and make sure they know what it feels like to become a focused group to be able to find out if that technique decreases the quantity of crime committed by the elite. There are various agencies that are meant to police and control the upper class for example the FBI, Inspectors General, US Postal Inspector, Secret Service, Customs, US Marshall Service and also the IRS, however everyone knows that corruption happens in just about all areas and it is not difficult to entice an IRS employee to keep his o r her mouth closed with regards to unlawful activities with a few million dollars (Hashimoto, 2011). Therefore, until we have an official force that is prepared to actually take a stand against upper class crime and classism within the criminal justice system, it is going to always flourish and the â€Å"Rich get richer, poor get prison† routine is going to carry on. References Barak, G. P. (2007). Class, race gender. Lanham, maryland: Rowman and littlesfield. Brewer, R. M. , Heitzeg, N. A. (2008). The Racialization of Crime and Punishment: Criminal Justice, Color-Blind Racism, and the Political Economy of the Prison Industrial Complex.